INTRODUCTION: To gain benefit from women's talents AND abilities in line with making maximum use of our human resources entails accurate AND scientific study of their activities. Since half of the population of transitional society's lives in rural areas, AND women make up one half of rural populations; one way of achieving these human resources is to study their economic activities in various arenas (Lahsay Zadeh, et al.2006: 125). Studies AND observations on rural women participation imply that rural women enjoying experience AND local knowledge in production of food products play an important role in the agriculture. Besides, the majority of self-sustaining farmers of the world are women who account for 50 to 60 percent of food of the world.According to Census of 2006, the rural women's share in employment is about 13 percent. But the undeniable fact is that on average about 40 percent of the labor force in agricultural activities are supplied by rural women. However, the rural sociology has overlooked the role AND contributions of rural women. Ignoring the contribution of Iranian rural women in the economic activities of a family, as well as in value-added products of the agricultural sector, has caused not to take into account the value of their labor in the national evaluations. The purpose of this study was to identify AND determine the extent of participation of rural women in agricultural activities in Fereidoonshahr County...

The benefits of Information AND Communication Technologies (ICTs) for agricultural extension purposes AND activities are obvious. The main objective of this article is to identify ENCOURAGING AND DISCOURAGING FACTORS in application of ICTs in agricultural extension in Isfahan province of Iran. This study investigated areas of ICTs application by Extension Workers (EWs), too. The research design was a descriptive method. The population includes 320 Isfahan province EWs that 200 person were choose by census AND stratified sampling methods. In our contribution we focused on finding. Face AND content validity of the questionnaire was established using a panel of experts consisting of faculty members in the Departments of Agricultural Education AND Extension, Tarbiat Modares University AND extension officers in the Isfahan Province Agricultural Jihad Organization. Cronbach's Alpha to estimate the reliability of the instrument was among 82.6 - 87.8. On the ranking of principal areas of applying ICTs by EWs in extension “typing letters/report”, AND “prepare AND protect file on process basic agricultural AND rural information”, AND “access to the latest agricultural news AND information”, had most usage. The main result of the study revealed that the EWs in the study approximately use ICT quite a bit. For EWs ICT ENCOURAGING Items Principal Factor Analysis extracted four FACTORS which accounted for 76.24% of the total variance. AND Factor analysis for EWs ICT DISCOURAGING Items extracted six FACTORS which accounted for 62.84% of the total variance.

Increased use of cars in cities has led to traffic AND problems in the urban road network AND environmental AND air pollution, AND this issue has increased the desire of people in the community to use bicycles. The objective of this study was to explore AND describe the ENCOURAGING AND DISCOURAGING reasons behind the use of bikes among cyclists, together with the reasons behind their journeys AND the relationship of these elements with their crash history. This research is an experimental description AND field AND library methods AND questionnaire, interview AND observation tools have been used to collect information. This research was conducted by conducting an electronic survey on the reasons AND motivations for cycling among 405 of the Gonbad cyclists. The results show that physical health AND fitness, Reduce shipping costs, AND Reduce the cost of preparation, maintenance AND were the most frequent FACTORS which encouraged cycling. On the other hAND, Lack of security (possibility of theft), Less cyclist safety than other means of transportation AND Lack of cycling culture were found to be the most relevant DISCOURAGING FACTORS. The results also showed that there is a significant gender gap among cyclists AND most participants, especially women, mentioned the existing cultural restrictions as an important AND effective factor in not wanting to ride a bike. In addition, participants who cited independence AND freedom, time savings, recreation, AND entertainment as their main motivators, as well as those whose main disincentives were weather conditions, lack of cycling culture. AND they expressed safety, they are more likely to suffer from cycling accidents. Due to the fact that cycling is generally done for fun AND entertainment AND with a short travel time, there is a need to develop cycling with practical purposes. Also, in order to enhance the engagement of the population in this mode of transportation

Background AND Objective: Despite rapid progresses in field of proflactive AND treatment measures as well as controlling disease, AND their positive effects on human societies, human are still suffering from many crisis due to lack of following prophet's teaching AND morality. These crisises has profound effects on human health AND spirit.The main factor to avoid such critical condition. is to return to the teachings of prophets AND mainly islam. The present article tries to describe the effects of so called "encouragement of good behavious AND discouragement of bad or immoral behavious" on providing healthy AND happy environments for the society.Materials AND Methods: The research method in this study is descriptive AND is based on historical AND religious sources with priority to Quran AND divine tradition. It also analyzes effects of this prophet teaching at the certain period of Islamic history in which prople AND the government had practiced it.Results: One significant factor in providing the healthy spirit AND physique in a society, is to pay attention to the basic principle of practicing good behavious AND avoiding immoral acts at individual AND governmental dimensions. The proof to this claim is supervisory institution "Hesbah"; the governmental section of this rule AND the great effect in stabilization of Islamic civilization in the context of social AND sanitational Health.Conclusion: To be protected from the critical physical AND spiritual diseases derived from materialistic civilization of present age, there is no other way than to restore to the moral teachings of Divine prophets AND healthy human relationships. One of the most important teachings in this contexts is the Divine rule of encouragement of good behaviouse AND discouragement of immoral behavious which Quran has expressed it with certain conventions AND has considered them as the basic principle of social security AND health in every aspects of human society.

One of the important AND fundamental issues on reviving ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad in the community is the examination AND analysis of non- acceptance of ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad. The pathology of ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad report card reveals the weaknesses AND obstacles of acceptability. There are two free-willed things which correspond AND have relation.it is necessary to be acquainted with possible AND contingent being characteristics in personality AND conducts AND discourses of those who implement AND are ordered for analyzing AND exploring the problems AND challenges of acceptance AND acceptability of enjoining good AND forbidding bad in society. It is used personal experiences AND cognitional evaluations AND opinions of secretaries AND members of councils of enjoining good AND forbidding bad in training workshops AND courses in this research. This research with individual studies of Islamic jurisprudential AND hadith books in the field of ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad with descriptive- analytic method with regarding sources about these two obligations has been conducted. The aim is to familiarity with AND determining the reasons of non- acceptance of enjoining good AND forbidding bad in the community AND providing background in order to remove them. It is good to explore AND survey the causes of non- acceptance of ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad in two sections, those relate to persons who implement AND those relate to addressee. In this note the general reasons AND reasons relate to those who implement ENCOURAGING good AND DISCOURAGING bad are investigated.

AbstractPurpose: The velocity of change in the surrounding world has forced them to identify those FACTORS which impact their change capacity. The present study was conducted to identify AND prioritize influential FACTORS on organizational change capacity.Methodology: In terms of purpose, this was explorative AND applied research. Its population included ten familiar experts with research subjects in a research AND training center. By reviewing the literature on change capacity, relevant, influential FACTORS were identified, AND they were concurred by the fuzzy Delphi technique, AND then they were ranked. After recognizing influential FACTORS, a pair comparisons questionnaire was distributed among ten experts, AND after gathering the questionnaires, effecting FACTORS were ranked using the Expert Choice11 Software package AND AHP technique.Findings: Results show that organizational culture, structure, AND style of leadership were the main FACTORS that impacted change capacity.Conclusion: The influential FACTORS can be divided into three categories: environmental, content, AND structural elements. Environmental FACTORS include environment AND innovation; content FACTORS include team working, intellectual capital, leadership, political behavior, AND human resource management; Structural elements include strategy, structure, organizational policies, information technology, knowledge management, AND technology. Value: This is the first time in the literature that the influential variables affecting the change capacity were recognized AND categorized in a conceptual classification that has not been seen in the previous research.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components AND criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components AND criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which FACTORS in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, AND Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, AND new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the FACTORS affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test AND regression analysis, it was discovered that FACTORS such as car ownership, dependence AND pro-liking for private cars, density AND access to educational centers AND parks, access to medical AND service centers, AND variety AND density of retail stores had been introduced as the FACTORS affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, AND pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, AND age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding FACTORS affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including lAND use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, AND attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find FACTORS affecting travel behavior, especially lAND use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components AND criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components AND criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which FACTORS in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical AND non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical AND experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, AND walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators AND criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical AND experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, AND Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, AND new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of lAND use, travel habits, AND access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the FACTORS affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test AND regression analysis, it was discovered which FACTORS affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas AND which FACTORS affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results AND discussion This research aims to identify the FACTORS affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, AND pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of FACTORS affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence AND pro-liking for personal cars, variety AND density of retail stores, density AND access to educational units AND parks, access to medical AND service centers, AND car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical AND non-physical FACTORS (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the FACTORS affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. FACTORS such as car ownership, dependence AND pro-liking for private cars, density AND access to educational units AND parks, access to medical AND service centers, AND variety AND density of retail stores have been introduced as the FACTORS affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, AND pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, AND age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the FACTORS affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the FACTORS affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior AND finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables AND data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning AND urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods AND criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization AND writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript AND agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Little is known about how Persian Wikipedians are attracted to Wikipedia or discouraged contributing to it. This paper attempts to bridge this gap. A sample of 15 active users of Fa.Wikipedia was selected in a non-rANDom fashion according to availability AND convenience of the users.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 2 methods: face to face interview AND email interview. Strauss AND Corbin’s method was used for coding the collected data. After analyzing the data, 4 grounds namely editing incentive, writing incentive, stimulant AND deterrent motivations were extracted. Findings indicate that lots of motivations can affect Wikipedian’s collaboration. We divided these FACTORS into internal AND external motivations.Internal motivations could be individual or cognitive motivations or related to Wikipedia structure. Besides, some FACTORS like permanent access to the Internet can be considered as external motivations. After extracting the motivations of collaboration, we extracted stimulant AND deterrent motivations. Analysis of the data shows content production AND enrichment of Fa.Wikipedia is the strongest reason for contributing to this project. In contrast, entertainment is considered as the weakest motivation. Conversely, the feedback from other users can be the strongest motivation that simulates users to stay in Wikipedia AND continue their contribution. On the other hAND, internal AND external challenges that Fa.Wikipedia is exposed to are effective enough to influence the contribution of Persian Wikipedians. In addition to improvement of the Fa.Wikipedia status, identifying the motivations AND challenges can have a great role in improvement AND expansion of Persian Web content too.